What vitamin deficiency is characterized by pellagra, which includes dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia?

The condition known as pellagra is specifically associated with a deficiency of niacin, also known as vitamin B3. Pellagra is characterized by the three "Ds": dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. The skin symptoms occur as a rash, usually in areas that are exposed to sunlight. Diarrhea results from gastrointestinal issues, and dementia affects cognitive function.

Niacin is crucial for various metabolic processes, including the conversion of food into energy and the maintenance of healthy skin and nervous system function. A deficiency often arises from inadequate dietary intake, certain medical conditions, or genetic disorders that affect niacin metabolism.

While vitamin B12, vitamin D, and folate deficiencies can lead to a range of clinical symptoms, none are linked to the specific triad of symptoms seen in pellagra. Vitamin B12 deficiency, for instance, is primarily associated with anemia and neurological changes, while vitamin D deficiency can lead to bone health issues such as rickets or osteomalacia, and folate deficiency is commonly linked to megaloblastic anemia. Understanding the distinct presentations of each vitamin deficiency helps in diagnosing and managing these conditions effectively.