What is the consequence of elevated insulin levels associated with MC4R deficiency?

Elevated insulin levels associated with melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency lead to insulin resistance, which is a significant aspect of metabolic dysregulation. When the MC4R pathway is disrupted, it affects energy balance and appetite regulation, leading to increased food intake and weight gain. This condition is often accompanied by hyperinsulinemia, where the body produces excessive insulin in response to rising blood sugar levels. Over time, the constant high levels of insulin can lead to the body's cells becoming less responsive to insulin, a state known as insulin resistance. This contributes to further metabolic complications, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, highlighting the interplay between genetic factors, insulin signaling, and energy homeostasis.